Diameter has the competitive edge over legacy AAA solutions (e. g. RADIUS) and is a foundation of the core Evolved Pack System (EPS) network that supports Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology. Example it can be for video streaming service. There are 4 messages initiated by the MME and 4 messages initiated by the HSS. Diameter Interfaces list Base Protocol - IETF RFC 3588. (AAA interface) between MME and HSS. During LTE attachment, supported . After the completion of the authentication procedure, DN AAA server will send EAP Success message to the SMF. 7 Interface S6b | Interface S6c | Interface S6d . 3GPP is defining new applications/interfaces for supporting roaming and charging over the IP network. LTE System interfaces. . IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) introduces important advantages for users of LTE-femtocell heterogeneous access networks. The S1 interface includes the S1-CP (control) and S1-UP part (user plane). These applications are reliable only after a successful authentication of communication entities. Evolution of RADIUS (AAA) Protocol - Authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) services Reliable & Secure ( Runs on TCP / SCTP ) Supports Failover mechanism to maintain redundancy Support. Introduction 1.1 Introduction to 4G The 4G Mobile Networks are being developed with 2 main objectives. Protocol stack of S3 interface AAA is a standard-based framework used to control who is permitted to use network resources (through authentication), what they are authorized to do (through authorization), and capture the actions performed while accessing the network (through accounting). 3GPP HLR, IMS HSS, AAA server, SIP Application Server and ENUM server. Diameter possesses significant advantages over legacy AAA solutions and is a . Dw interface: Between the 3GPP AAA Server and an SLF: 3GPP TS 29.234: Wa interface: Between the WLAN AN and the 3GPP AAA Proxy: 3GPP TS 29.234: Wd interface: Between the 3GPP AAA Proxy and 3GPP AAA Server: 3GPP TS 29.234: Wx interface: Between the 3GPP AAA Server and the HSS: 3GPP TS 29.234: Wm interface: Between the 3GPP AAA Server and the PDG . Diameter Interfaces. Diameter is a protocol for AAA - Authentication, Authorization and Accounting - in 3G-, 4G- and IMS-system for net access and mobile data services. LTE sequence diagrams covering attach, bearer setup, S1-X2 handover procedures . S1-U:- Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover. Unlike a client-server model, in Diameter, a server has the capability to make a request to its peer as well. It's expected that S6b AAA server should do the renegotiation in every AAA. The IMT Advanced systems shall provide best-in-class performance attributes such as peak and sustained data . Interface S6a pg. Diameter Training Course covers Diameter protocol which was derived from the RADIUS protocol with a lot of improvements in different aspects aligned with Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) protocol. EAP messages are sent in the SM NAS message between the UE and the SMF; The SMF communicates with the external DN-AAA via UPF using N4 and N6 interface . It uses Diameter over TCP, UDP, SCTP transport protocol. Explore the inter eNodeB handover procedures over the X2 interface. Today's state of the art security is the Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2), which is specified in the 802.11i amendment, finally ratified in June 2004. Lawful Interception ip forward-protocol nd . Service Based Interface (SBI) . In new deployment for LTE or 4G, all signaling is based on diameter. This Node is also responsible for connecting PGW & AAA for Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) purpose. All of these networks require secure . Application Function (AF) is a control plane function within 5G core network, provides application services to the subscriber. The Diameter protocol is widely used in the IMS architecture for IMS entities to exchange AAA-related information. Registration / De-Registration / Incoming - Outgoing Calls / SIP Signaling / or any type of communication between User to IMS Network . In some cases, the term AAA has been used to refer to protocol-specific information. Read More . Use the HSS Emulator and the Interface applications in tandem to test Diameter Routing Agents . Across the board, Diameter has been chosen as the AAA protocol in all next generation fixed and mobile IP-based networks. S3:- It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter . The Rx interface enables transport of application level session information from P-CSCF to . The SWa interface is stateful, and is specified in 3GPP TS 29.273. AAA means Authentication, Authorization, and accounting. Fig. This is specifically applicable to LTE-WiFi and vice versa handoff. As a result, the Diameter protocol has been chosen as the AAA protocol in all next generation fixed and mobile IP- based networks (IMS, LTE). For example, Diameter uses the URI scheme AAA, which stands for Authentication, Authorization and Accounting, and the Diameter-based Protocol AAAS, which stands for Authentication, Authorization and Accounting with Secure Transport. Test AAA and AGW SWa interfaces with our Home Subscriber Server (HSS) Emulator or use the AAA simulation in the SWa interface application to test the capacity and performance of an HSS. X2 interface connects eNodeBs in LTE. The standard protocol is defined in 3GPP Spec . LTE signaling protocol define a large number of identifiers for UEs, RABs and signaling endpoints. Any User trying to access a Network (Ex: Internet Service Provider) has to undergo "AAA" procedure that is being implemented by that Network. AAA (Authentication, Authorization, Accounting) -. If an AF is trusted it can interact directly with 5GC network functions or if it is 3rd party, then it should interact with an NEF. HTTP based API, replacing protocols like e.g. Plus, in order to accommodate roaming over a diverse set of user devices and network implementations, Wi-Fi and 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) network architectures will need to provide interworking between different protocols used for AAA, as well as mediate between variations of the same protocol. interface Cellular0/0/1 no ip address encapsulation slip! Hence, the third generation partnership project has recommended the handover schemes for different mobility scenarios with a new key management approach that increases the complexity . ›Common control protocol using e.g. LTE S1 Handover Sequence Diagrams . This document aims to provide a description of the S6a/S6d Diameter-based interface as supported by the SDM. Further, in LTE architecture, there is another interface S1MME which uses S1AP protocol between the eNB and MME entities, in similar way interfaces S13 (MME to EIR), S6a (MME to HSS), Gx (PCRF to . This interface which is ideal for network industry certified engineers, is available on the Router's console or IP based sessions like SSH or Telnet It is used for SGW relocation due to UE mobility and if the SGW needs to connect to a noncollocated PDN GW for the required PDN connectivity. ePDG is acting as gateway and is responsible for interconnecting the EPC with non-3GPP trusted networks such as WiFi. S1-MME :- Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME. Using the CLI (Command Line Interface) A familiar text-based Command Line Interface based on accepted industry standard syntax and structure is provided. The Diameter EAP application which is a Diameter application to support EAP transport over Diameter [4072]. S1-U:- Reference point between E-UTRAN and Serving GW for the per bearer user plane tunnelling and inter eNodeB path switching during handover. Its technical specifications are given in RFC-6733 Diameter Base Protocol. The AAA server typically interacts with network access and gateway servers and with databases and directories containing user information. The S6a/S6d interface is part of the LTE-HSS front-end component of the SDM, alongside the 3GPP HLR, IMS HSS, AAA server, SIP Application Server and ENUM server. and the 5G Service Map of service-based interfaces. The Gm Interface is used between the UE (User) and P-CSCF for all purpose viz .. Cellular0/0/0 is MC73xx based Modem crashdump logging: off Router#$ 0 Helpful . 3GPP EPS AAA interfaces". The Diameter protocol is intended to provide a framework for Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) applications such as network access, roaming, and IP mobility. The Diameter base protocol is defined by RFC 6733 (Obsoletes: RFC 3588 and RFC 5719) and defines the minimum requirements for an AAA protocol. Diameter 3GPP AAA Interfaces Dw interface. It plays vital role in PDN connection from UE to EPC network. Diameter is a next-generation industry-standard protocol used to exchange authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA) information in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and IP Multimedia Systems (IMS) networks. The protocol is used for login and safe user authentication and to keep track of user access and service subscriptions, in order to charge the user accordingly. A home eNB belongs to a closed subscriber group (CSG) and can only be accessed by mobiles with a USIM that also belongs to the closed subscriber group. Diameter is a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) protocol, where a peer can function either as a client or a server. S10:- Reference point between MMEs for MME relocation and MME to MME information transfer. IP-SEC takes the responsibility of Integrity and confidentiality of the information exchanged at the SWu interface (UE <->ePDG) whereas HTTP protocol carries the AKA parameters in the form . It is based on the Iu-u/Gn-u reference point using the GTP-U protocol as defined between SGSN and UTRAN or respectively between SGSN and GGSN. The Diameter Protocol has been embraced by many standards bodies, such as 3GPP and ETSI NFV, as the foundation for all AAA functionalities in next . That is why any of you will see DIAMETER used for these functions. A home eNB (HeNB) is a base station that has been purchased by a user to provide femtocell coverage within the home. The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) (The core network) The following are LTE Interfaces : (Ref: TS 23.401 v 841) S1-MME :- Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME. An efficient and robust handover is one of the essential requirements of several applications in LTE/LTE-A network. key features of diameter includes :- evolution of radius (aaa) protocol - authentication, authorization, and accounting (aaa) services reliable & secure ( runs on tcp / sctp ) supports failover mechanism to maintain redundancy support for proxy & relay agents support for capability negotiation via mandatory / optional avps provides dynamic … [22] 3GPP TS 29.215: "Policy and Charging Control (PCC) over S9 reference point; Stage 3". 3GPP TS 29.234. . Spoofing is a state added to allow Dial on Demand (DDR) to work. Diameter. *Jun 12 11:54:08.335: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Cellular0/0/0, changed state to up. DIAMETER based interfaces in EPC, UMTS and IMS Recently I've seen question regarding on which interface in LTE or UMTS the DIAMETER protocol is used. . The following are LTE Interfaces : (Ref: TS 23.401 v 841) S1-MME :- Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME. But because no packets are routed to an interface that is "down", it must pretend to be up (spoof) so packets will be routed to it even when it is not connected. When Diameter is used in 3GPP, the interface it rides on becomes the application. It is based on LDAP protocol. The section describes only the Embedded PCRF capability in the VoLTE solution. Application Function (AF) is a control plane function within 5G core network, provides application services to the subscriber. Interface with 3GPP-AAA IP-based SS7 interface support CS-based SS7 Interface support Multiple routing the Accounting messages Interface with provisioning server via http Easy functional extension by modularized software High scalability by adding CPU, Memory and HDD High performance by Memory Database 3. Like all these other front-end components, the LTE HSS leverages the centralized Subscriber Data Server (SDS 3000™) back-end . S1 LTE Interface The S2 signalling bearer. Telecom networks (3G, LTE, 4G, and IMS) are using the diameter protocol for AAA. 5 Diameter-based S6m/S6n Interface 5.1 Introduction This section describes the Diameter-based S6m and S6n interface related procedures and Information elements This interface is used when UE does non-3GPP access. uses an 802.1X based protocol and offers a higher security, because it does not rely on a shared secret. Usage of S12 is an operator configuration option. operator or Internet) LTE/EPC UE NR/EPC UE S1-MME S1-U SGi Gx Rx Sx LTE + NR RAN SGW/ PGW UP SGW/ PGW CP PCRF EPC NAS . lte sim data-profile 3 attach-profile 1 lte modem link-recovery rssi onset-threshold -110 lte modem link-recovery monitor-timer 20 lte modem link-recovery wait-timer 10 lte modem link-recovery debounce-count 6 no cdp run! E.g. . The EPC/WiFi AKA is based on a 3GPP adopted IETF standard EAP-AKA that follows the same EPC/LTE and IMS model, however, the interfaces and protocols differs. IPSec is a protocol suite.It does use following protocols in order to provide authentication, encryption and data integrity: Authentication Headers (AH) provides data origin authentication for IP datagrams and provides protection against replay attacks. LOC-1 Interface. Diameter interfaces provide connections among Diameter nodes to enable essential service provider network functions such as authentication, online and offline billing, and policy and charging. Diameter Applications can extend the base protocol by adding new commands, attributes, or both. The Diameter protocol is a considerably more sophisticated protocol for mobility management, policy and charging (online and offline) control. Diameter is an extensible messaging protocol to enable AAA function in IP and multimedia networks. Extensibility is an important trait . Its technical specifications are given in RFC-6733 Diameter Base Protocol. GRE Protocol Interface; GTP-based S2b Interface Support on the P-GW and SAEGW; 3GPP R12 GTP-C Load and Overload Control Support on the P-GW, SAEGW, and S-GW . These protocols were defined by the Internet . crypto isakmp policy 10 encr aes authentication pre-share group 5 6. ip ftp source-interface GigabitEthernet0/0.96! In order to access services hosted in the IMS layer, the user has to undergo authentication procedure with the access network, followed by an authentication procedure with the IMS layer. Diameter is based on RADIUS but has been enhanced to support failover, transmission security, reliable transport, agent support, server initiated messages, capability . The SWm interface is stateful, and is specified in 3GPP . 4.7/5 (759 Views . S1 signalling bearer provides the following functions: Diameter Interfaces list Base Protocol - IETF RFC 3588 . The signalling protocol for S1 is called S1-AP. Rx interface is often overlooked in IMS training, yet from the network core standpoint it is the most important one. It works on the Application Layer if we consider OSI Layered model. The base protocol is defined in RFC 6733, which obsoletes RFC 3588. The AAA protocols are used to determine whether the user is allowed to connect to the network (Authentication) and use a particular service (Authorization). Example of AAA protocol:-. It is connected with external AAA server. dialer string lte dialer watch-group 1! As a result, the Diameter protocol has been chosen as the AAA protocol in all next generation fixed and mobile IP- based networks (IMS, LTE). Success rate is 0 percent (0/5) . After familiarising with main network elements, time has come to better know interfaces between those elements. For message exchange it internally uses the TCP and SCTP which makes diameter reliable. such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). The 4G Mobile Networks are being envisioned to offer higher bandwidths upto value of 100Mbps. Interfaces and their protocol stacks. Unlike the predecessor networks of 4G (i.e 2G and 3G) which consisted of . One of the Objectives is to overcome the shortcomings and limitations of 3G. Definition. Seamless connectivity among the many different network components in 4G LTE environments is essential to the ability of service . This addition complements a set of protocol dictionaries that includes Diameter, GTPv1, GTPv2, M3, MAP, RADIUS, and S1AP. Diameter protocol is an advanced AAA protocol and very flexible protocol. This SWa interface protocol is based on Diameter and is defined as a vendor specific Diameter application, where the vendor is 3GPP. S8:- S8 is the inter PLMN variant of S5. An AAA server is a server program that handles user requests for access to computer resources and, for an enterprise, provides authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA) services. It is using the Diameter base protocol and includes commands from the following two applications: •. Usage of AAA in Diameter. Put simply, the Diameter protocol forms the basis for service administration in today's networks, such as deciding which services a user can access, at what quality of service (QoS), and at what cost. The authentication is performed by computing hash code over nearly all the fields of the IP packet (excluding those which might be modified in . Most of the cellular operators use customized tools for analyzing the performance and functionality of IMS-LTE networks. SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol): This protocol guarantees delivery of signalling messages between MME and eNodeB (S1). In IMS these interfaces are the Cx / Dx and Sh interfaces. The Diameter protocol is a considerably more sophisticated protocol for mobility management, policy and charging (online and offline) control. interfaces. This Ud interface allows PCRF to create, to read, to modify and to delete user data stored in UDR using access interface. 1. Diameter security is provided by IPsec or TLS. LTE; Diameter applications; . Example it can be for video streaming service. Based on 3GPP e2 - MSF-IA.DIAMETER.008-FINAL. So now if we look at the Diameter protocol . Interfaces between LTE Nodes: S1-MME:- Reference point for the control plane protocol between E-UTRAN and MME. ePDG Provides a secure WLAN access to UE connecting to P-GW. Additionally, the S6n reference point connects the MTC-AAA with the HSS, and it allows the MTC-AAA to do the mapping of the UE IMSI to the external identifier(s) of the UE. Spoofing is the normal state on a dialer interface. dsTest supports AAA server emulation and client interface simulation capabilities for the 3GPP Diameter SWm interface. Authentication -. TS 29.272 V9.0.0 3GPP MME and SGSN related interfaces based on Diameter protocol [2] TS 23.401 V9.2.0 3GPP GPRS enhancements for E-UTRAN access . 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